Back Palinurus elephas AN جراد البحر الشائك الشائع Arabic Обикновен гърбат омар Bulgarian Grilh-mor Breton Llagosta comuna Catalan Palinurus elephas CEB Gewöhnliche Languste German Palinurus elephas Spanish Otarrain arrunt Basque Langouste rouge French
| Palinurus elephas | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Decapoda |
| Suborder: | Pleocyemata |
| Family: | Palinuridae |
| Genus: | Palinurus |
| Species: | P. elephas
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| Binomial name | |
| Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787)
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| Synonyms | |
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Palinurus elephas is a commonly caught species of spiny lobster from the East Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Its common names include European spiny lobster,[2] crayfish or cray (in Ireland), crawfish (in England), common spiny lobster,[3] Mediterranean lobster[4] and red lobster.[5][6]
- ^ Goñi, Raquel (2014). "Palinurus elephas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T169975A1281221.
- ^ A. Jackson & C. Marshall (January 29, 2007). "European spiny lobster, Palinurus elephas: basic information". Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme. Archived from the original on September 2, 2010. Retrieved February 3, 2007.
- ^ Lipke B. Holthuis (1991). "Palinurus elephas". FAO Species Catalogue, Volume 13. Marine Lobsters of the World. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125. Food and Agriculture Organization. pp. 119–120. ISBN 92-5-103027-8. Archived from the original on 2012-05-15. Retrieved 2011-07-03.
- ^ "Palinurus elephas (Mediterranean lobster)". Malawi Cichlid Homepage. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
- ^ "Exploitation models of the red lobster Palinurus elephas in the Mediterranean fisheries of Spain and Tunisia". FAO COPEMED. Food and Agriculture Organization. May 31, 2005. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
- ^ Driver, P. A. (1975). The crawfish Palinurus elephas, Fabr.; Its Biology and Fishery in British Waters (Ph.D. Thesis). Portsmouth Polytechnic.